中国保险监督管理委员会


中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)


Detailed Rules for Implementation of Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Insurance Companies

Article 1
These Rules are formulated in accordance with the Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Insurance Companies (hereinafter referred to as “the Regulations”).

Article 2
A foreign insurance company under the Regulations refers to an insurance company registered and conducting insurance business outside the territory of China.

Article 3
The proportion of foreign equity in an insurance company incorporated within the territory of China by a foreign insurance company with a Chinese company or enterprise that conducts life insurance business (hereinafter referred to as “joint-equity life insurance company”) shall be no more than 50% of the total equity of the company.

The shares of a joint-equity life insurance company directly or indirectly held by a foreign insurance company shall not exceed the limit of proportion as stipulated in the preceding paragraph.

Article 4
For a foreign-funded insurance company established within the territory of China before the Regulations became effective with registered capital or working capital of less than RMB 200 million or an equivalent amount in a freely convertible currency, its registered capital or working capital shall be fully paid within 2 years after these Rules become effective. For those who fail to fully pay the registered capital or working capital, China Insurance Regulatory Commission shall not grant approval to their application for operation of new business.

Article 5
The registered capital or working capital of a foreign-funded insurance company shall be the actually paid-up currency.

Article 6
After establishing a branch, the foreign insurance company shall not withdraw the working capital in any form.

Article 7
The period of operation of insurance business being more than 30 years, which is mentioned in Item 1 of Article 8 of the Regulations, means that the foreign insurance company shall have continuously been running insurance business for more than 30 years, and the foreign insurance company’s acquisition of another institution or merger with another institution to establish a new insurance company, shall not affect the calculation of the business operation period.

The business operation period of a subsidiary of a foreign insurance company shall start from the date of establishment of the subsidiary.

Article 8
The representative office mentioned in Item 2 of Article 8 of the Regulations refers to the following representative offices approved by China Insurance Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as “CIRC”):

(1) The representative office established by a foreign insurance company;
(2) The representative office established by a group to which a foreign insurance company belongs.

Article 9
The representative office established by a foreign insurance company or its group to which the insurance company belongs is only applicable to application for establishing one foreign-funded insurance company.

Article 10
The end of the year prior to the application for the establishment mentioned in Item 3 of Article 8 of the Regulations refers to the end of the previous fiscal year before the date of application.

Article 11
The other prudential requirements mentioned in Item 7 of Article 8 of the Regulations shall at least include the following requirements:

(1) Reasonable structure for corporate governance;
(2) Stable and sound risk control system;
(3) Sound internal control system;
(4) Effective Management Information System;
(5) Good operating performance without records of serious violation of laws and regulations.

Article 12
Where the applicant fails to provide the business license (duplicate) as stipulated in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, the applicant may provide a valid copy of the business license or a written certificate issued by the relevant authority evidencing the applicant’s eligibility to conduct insurance business.

Article 13
The certificate mentioned in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, which is issued by the relevant authority of the country or region where the foreign applicant is located to evidence the applicant’s solvency, shall include one of the following contents:

(1) Certifying that the applicant complies with the regulatory requirements of the country or region on solvency in the previous fiscal year as of the date when the relevant authority issues the certificate;
(2) Certifying that the applicant has no record of incompliance with the standard of the country or region on solvency in the previous fiscal year as of the date when the relevant authority issues the certificate.

Article 14
The Letter of Comments issued by the relevant authority of the country or region where the foreign applicant is located concerning the applicant’s application, which is mentioned in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, shall include the following contents:

(1) Whether the application for the establishment of an insurance institution in China complies with the laws and rules of the applicant’s country or region;
(2) Whether the authority approves the applicant’s application;
(3) The record of the punishment imposed on the applicant in the last three years prior to the date of issuance of the Letter of Comments by the relevant authority;

Article 15
The annual report mentioned in Item 3 of Article 9 of the Regulations shall include the Balance Sheets, Statements of Profit and Loss, and Cash Flow Statements of the applicant in the last three fiscal years prior to the date of application.

The annual report mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be attached with the auditor’s report issued by an accounting or auditing firm authorized by the country or region where the applicant is located.

Article 16
Except otherwise specified by the laws or administrative regulations or approved by the State Council, the Chinese applicant mentioned in Item 4 of Article 9 of the Regulations shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) The companies or enterprises with the capacity of legal person registered at the administration department of industry and commerce, excluding commercial banks, securities organizations and the foreign-funded enterprises specified in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign-funded Enterprises;
(2) Being approved by the administrative authority of the enterprise or its shareholders’ meeting;
(3) Good operating performance and in the previous fiscal year as of the application date being profitable;
(4) Making the investment with self-owned capital from legitimate sources.

Article 17
The relevant documents to be submitted by a Chinese applicant for the establishment of a joint-equity insurance company shall include business license (duplicate), articles of association, business structure, operation history, annual report and punishment record for the last three years.

Article 18
The person in charge of the preparation of a foreign-funded insurance company shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) Academic degree above junior college level;
(2) Insurance or related work experience for over 2 years;
(3) No illegal and criminal record.

Article 19
Where an applicant applies for the extension of the preparation period according to the provisions specified in Article 11 of the Regulations, he shall, within 1 month before expiration of the original preparation period, submit a written application to CIRC and explain the reason.

Article 20
The preparation report mentioned in Item 1 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall summarize all the issues stated in other paragraphs under this article.

Article 21
The statutory capital verification organization mentioned in Item 4 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to an accounting firm complying with the requirements of CIRC.

Article 22
The capital verification certificate mentioned in Item 4 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall include the following contents:

(1) A Capital Verification Report issued by a statutory capital verification organization;
(2) A copy of the original bank receipt voucher evidencing payment of the registered capital or working capital.

Article 23
The main person-in-charge mentioned in Item 5 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to the general manager of the proposed branch of a foreign insurance company.

The letter of attorney issued to the person to be appointed as the main person-in-charge of the proposed branch of the foreign insurance company, refers to the letter of attorney issued to the person to be appointed as the general manager of the proposed branch of the foreign insurance company, which is signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the foreign insurance company.

The letter of attorney shall explicitly specify the scope of authorization granted to the authorized person.

Article 24
The senior managerial personnel of the proposed company mentioned in Item 6 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall have the qualifications specified by CIRC.

The senior managerial personnel of the branch of a foreign insurance company shall have the qualifications equal to those required for the counterparts in the headquarters of an insurance company.

Article 25
The materials regarding business place of the proposed company mentioned in Item 9 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to the supporting documents evidencing the ownership or use-right of the business place.

The materials concerning other facilities related to the business mentioned in Item 9 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall include at least information about configuration of computer facilities, network construction and information management system.

Article 26
The following documents or materials to be provided by a foreign insurance company for an application for the establishment of a foreign-funded insurance company according to the requirements specified in the Regulations and these Rules, shall be notarized by a public notary legally established in the local country or region, or verified by the embassy or consulate of China in that country:

(1) The business license (duplicate) or valid copy of the business license;
(2) A letter of attorney issued to the proposed person-in-charge of the branch of a foreign insurance company;
(3) A letter of guarantee of a foreign insurance company to undertake the obligations of tax and duties payment and debts repayment on behalf of its branch in China.

Article 27
A foreign-funded insurance company may apply for establishing branches as needed according to business development.

The branch of a foreign insurance company can only conduct business within the territory of the province, autonomous region or municipality where the branch is located. Where the joint-equity insurance company or wholly-owned insurance company is prepared to conduct business in any other province, autonomous region or municipality outside its locality, it shall establish a branch in the place concerned.

A foreign insurance company may, according to actual circumstances, apply for establishing a central sub-branch or sub-branch, operating office or marketing service office. The establishment and management of marketing service offices shall be subject to other applicable regulations of CIRC, if any.

Article 28
Where a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company which has been established with a minimum registered capital of RMB200 million, applies for the first time for the establishment of a branch in every other province, autonomous region, or municipality outside its locality, it shall increase the registered capital by no less than RMB20 million.

By the time of applying for the establishment of a branch, if the registered capital of a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company has reached the amount as stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the company will no longer be required to increase its registered capital.

Where the registered capital of a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company has reached RMB500 million and where the solvency of the company is adequate, no increase of registered capital is required when the company applies for the establishment of a branch.

Article 29
A foreign-funded insurance company that applies for the establishment of a branch shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) Its solvency margin shall comply with relevant regulations specified by CIRC.
(2) Its internal control system is sound and there is no record of punishment; where the operating period exceeds 2 years, there is no record of punishment in the most recent 2 years;
(3) It has senior managerial personnel of the branch with the relevant qualifications specified by CIRC.

Article 30
A foreign-funded insurance company that applies for the establishment of a branch shall submit an application to CIRC and provide the following documents in triplicate:

(1) A letter of application for establishment;
(2) Audited solvency status reports as of the end of the previous fiscal year and as of the end of the last quarter;
(3) A three-year business development plan and market analysis for the proposed branch;
(4) Resume(s) of the person(s)-in-charge of the organization preparation and relevant certificates.

Article 31
CIRC shall examine the application and decide, within 20 days after receiving the complete application documents, whether or not to grant approval; in case no approval is granted, CIRC shall inform the applicant in writing of the decision and explain the reason.

After approval is granted, the applicant shall complete the preparation within 6 months. Where the applicant fails to do so within the prescribed time limit, if the reason is justified and subject to approval by CIRC, the period may be extended for 3 months. Where the preparation is still not completed within the extended period, the original approval document issued by CIRC becomes void automatically.

The preparing body may not be engaged in any commercial activities concerning insurance.

Article 32
After the preparation is completed, the applicant shall apply to CIRC for opening business and submit the following documents in triplicate:

(1) A letter of application for opening business;
(2) A progress report of the preparation work;
(3) Resume(s) of senior managerial personnel to be appointed and relevant certificates;
(4) Relevant certificates of ownership or use-right of the office for the proposed branch, information regarding the configuration of computer facilities, network construction, and internal structure and staff.

Article 33
CIRC shall decide, within 20 days after receiving the complete application documents for opening business, whether or not to grant approval; in case the application is approved, a license for conducting insurance business shall be issued to the branch; in case the application is disapproved, CIRC shall inform the applicant in writing of the decision and explain the reason.

The branch with approval for opening business shall go through the formalities of business registration at the administration department of industry and commerce by presenting the approval document and the license for conducting insurance business and accordingly obtain business license from the authority before opening business.

Article 34
Unless otherwise stipulated in these Rules, the examination and administration of the qualifications of the senior managerial personnel of a foreign-funded insurance company and its branches shall be subject to the relevant regulations of CIRC.

Article 35
Where a joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company applies for dissolution when it splits, or merges with another one, or dissolves pursuant to the articles of association, such dissolution must be subject to approval of CIRC and the following documents shall be submitted:

(1) A letter of application signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the company;
(2) The resolution of the meeting of shareholders;
(3) Composition of the proposed liquidation group and a plan for liquidation;
(4) A proposal for solving the outstanding liabilities.

Article 36
The joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company whose dissolution has been approved by CIRC shall, from the date of receiving the approval document from CIRC, terminate any new business activities and hand in the license for conducting insurance business to CIRC and form a liquidation group within 15 days.

Article 37
The liquidation group shall, within 5 days after its establishment, inform the relevant authorities concerning the administration departments of industry and commerce, tax, labor and social security in writing of the liquidation procedure and conditions.

Article 38
The liquidation group shall, within 1 month from the date of establishment, appoint an accounting firm pursuant to the requirements of CIRC to conduct auditing, and shall deliver an auditor’s report to CIRC within three months from the date of appointment.

Article 39
The liquidation group shall submit the latest liability liquidation and assets disposal report to CIRC before the tenth date of each month.

Article 40
The newspaper mentioned in Article 28 of the Regulations refers to the newspaper specified by CIRC.

Article 41
The foreign property insurance company that applies for cancellation of its branch in China shall submit an application to CIRC for approval and present the following materials:

(1) A letter of application signed by the Board of Directors or General Manager of the foreign property insurance company;
(2) Composition of the proposed liquidation group and a plan for liquidation;
(3) A proposal for solving the outstanding liabilities.

The procedures of application for dissolution of a joint-equity or foreign-funded property insurance company specified in the Regulations and these Rules shall be applicable to the specific procedures for the foreign property insurance company to cancel its branch in China.

Where the head office of a branch of a foreign property insurance company is dissolved or cancelled or declared bankruptcy according to law, the liquidation and liability disposal of the branch of such foreign property insurance company shall comply with the regulations concerning dissolution of the joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company stipulated in Article 30 of the Regulations and these Rules.

Article 42
The foreign-funded insurance company in violation of the relevant provisions of these Rules shall be subject to punishment by CIRC according to the provisions specified in Insurance Law, the Regulations and other relevant laws and regulations.

Article 43
The documents, materials and written reports to be submitted or reported under the Regulations and these Rules shall be prepared in Chinese version, and the Chinese version shall prevail in the event of discrepancy between the Chinese version and the foreign language version.

Article 44
The period specified in the Regulations and these Rules shall start from the date when the relevant materials are delivered to CIRC. If the application documents provided by the applicant is incomplete and further delivery is needed, the period shall start from the date when the supplementary materials are delivered to CIRC.

The period concerning approval and report delivery prescribed in these Rules refers to working days.

Article 45
The issues concerning administration of a foreign-funded insurance company that are not specified in the Regulations or these Rules shall be governed by the applicable laws, administrative rules and relevant regulations of CIRC.

The establishment of a foreign-funded reinsurance company shall comply with the Regulations on Establishment of Reinsurance Companies. The issues not specified in the Regulations on Establishment of Reinsurance Companies shall be governed by these Rules.

Article 46
These Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to insurance companies that are established and operated in Chinese mainland by insurance companies from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan region. The issues otherwise stipulated in the laws, administrative rules or administrative protocols shall be governed by the stipulations therein.

Article 47
These Rules shall come into effect as of June 15, 2004.


关于个人国际法主体地位的理论问题的探讨

陈业华


一、导语
对于个人是否具有国际法主体地位，在国内外的国际法学界是颇有争议的。随着全球化趋势的日益强烈及科学技术进步，各国之间在政治、经济、科学技术、文化、宗教等其他人类活动领域交流更加频繁，伴随而来的国际关系所涉及的领域越来越广，国际法也产生了鲜明的变化：冷战体制的结束促进了求助第三方司法解决的发展，国际法规则体系变得庞大，其所涉及问题范围明显的处于扩展之中。它调整的跨越国界的关系，不仅包括国家之间的关系，还包括国家与其他国际法主体之间以及其他国际法主体彼此之间的关系……我们这个世界全球化的程度越高，我们为了共同的利益彼此之间相互信赖的程度就越高，国家作为唯一国际法主体的垄断程度就更加削弱。正如学者阶层人的国际组织的主体资格，而个人（包括法人）的国际法主体地位随着实践发展而极突出地表现出来，极大的侵蚀这传统的国际法主体理论，这是国际关系发展的必然结果。一切，就使得对个人的国际法主体地位的深入研究，和对传统的国际法主体理论的重新审视成为必要，本文笔者你就关于此问题作一番肤浅的探讨，以求教于同仁。

二、一些国际条约中的规定
大凡持反对个人的国际法主体地位的学者大多会提到的一条，即“在法院{国际法院}得为诉讼当事国者，限于国家。”就是用对国际法院管辖权来论证国际法主体限于国家说。第一次世界大战后，只有国家才是主体的传统定义稍微扩大到包括国际组织{指政府间}，即使如此，它们具有的也是非常有限的权利，而对个人仍是“大致和国内法对待动物一样，即禁止虐待动物的规则并不是赋予动物任何权利”。1960年，欧洲人权法院开始运作，它不仅允许欧洲人权公约的缔约国在斯特拉斯堡对违反公约的行为提出诉讼，同时适用于个人状告国家提供了一个场所。《联合国海洋法公约》，国际捕获法庭，纽伦堡军事法庭审判，中美洲法院等区域性地方法院审判……这些显著的变化，意味着国际社会中多边合作“超越两国的范围，通过地区性的乃至普遍性的国际组织来进行………国际组织就成了与国家有区别的一定的法律主体的承担者，而且通过调整个人生活关系，是历来埋没于国家之中的个人作为法律的主体性也有限制地得到承认，这些都是现代国际法结构面临的变化”。
这里笔者仅就反对者的论点提取一点看法。因为其在反对者论点当中所起的影响最大 ，就是我们在读国际法院规约第34条规定“在法院得为诉讼当时者，限于国家”是，也不禁在心里接受，毕竟这是来自联合国的权威机构。但我们必须认清的事实，即国际法虽是联合国的机构，但只是一部分，国际司法机构还有国际海洋法庭（The International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea），以及区域性司法机构如中美洲法院、欧共体法院、欧洲人权法院、美洲人权法院等，并且不能忽视该《国际法院规约》签订的背景，正如柳炳华先生所指出的“国际法主要是用于国家间关系，这并不是因为国际法是国家之间的法律，而是当时国际社会的结构是国家间的并列体制”，这种体制下，1946年根据联合国宪章成立，不论其时代局限，但具体局限就不得不正视，即以美国的“康纳利修正案”为例，其与《国际法院规约》第三十六条第六款的冲突，但国际法院却没有宣布美国所作的保留无效，而这个著名的康纳利修正案（Connally Amendment），不啻推翻了国际法院的强制管辖权，实在是大大的削弱了国际法院维持国际和平的效力。
康纳利修正案(Connally Amendment)，是对《国际法院规约》中第三十六条规定。本规约各当事国的随时声明关于具有下列性质之一切法律争端，对于接受同样义务之任何其他国家，承认法院之管辖为当然而具有强制性，不须另订特别协定：（1）条约之解释（2）国际法之任何问题（3）任何事实之存在，如经确定即属违反国际义务者。（4）因违反国际义务而应予赔偿之性质及其范围。各国对这一条款，即任意条款（Optional Clause）所作出的保留，美国保留最为显著，颇长但最要紧的有一句话是，“凡属与大体上在国内管辖权范围以内的事件有关的争端”，都不受国际法院的管辖，至于是否属于国内管辖权的范围，“由美国决定之”。（全文是Document United States /International Court Of Justices 5,Department Of States Bulletin,第15卷，第375号【1946年9月8日】P452）。仅就这一款可见，但修改确有困难重重，而不得为之。在这里，笔者还要列举一组数据，就是从1946年到1984年国际法院说受理的诉讼案所牵涉的国家，其中“英国美国——11案，法国——9案，苏联——4案……”英美法苏四国牵涉最多，其次是欧洲和拉丁美洲国家，非洲国家又次之，亚洲国家最少，这虽表明亚洲国家国际法学不发达，但也从另一方面可以看出国际法院的规约在各国中的威信还是有所折扣，当然近几十年来发展就有所改观了，但这不争的事实现实也不容忽视。因此，不能依次作出推断国家唯一主体的理由，并且在国际社会实践中国际组织的主体地位出现就给这统治国际法学界长达三世纪之久观点打了一闷棍。
三 一般性主体与特殊性主体
国际法主体的案件在国际法学界里也没有取得一致的意见，但又很默契的形成了所谓的“通说”即（1）有参加国际法律关系的能力，即使有与同法律制度承认的其他主体建立法律关系的能力（2）有直接承受国际权利义务的能力，这两个条件就避免了部分学者的国际政治关系观念中的平等实体说和不合理性说，也就为个人在实践中取得主体地位，更为在理论上正确反映客观实践作了铺垫
在这里，笔者仅就个人的主体性地位的确立的充分性和不足性。充分性就是存在的理由，即国际法，乃至国际社会越趋确认其个人与法人的国际法主体的实践根据：
一、个人国际法主体地位不会削弱国家对个人的控制，虽然法人（当然特指的跨国公司，如石油等）也可能石油和国家一样强大的权力，但这些石油公司不是把特许权给予特权国家的法律管辖，而给予特许国如果让特许权受他国法律管辖这可能感到丢脸，最后只得把该特许权交受国际法管辖。此类事例并没有排除国家主权，国家相比于个人（法人），其影响与实力也难以为个人望是“项背”，其剥夺或侵占国际法上个人权利，虽然有事遭到社会权力的监督或抵抗，仍时而不了了之，服务于其国家对个人的利益的控制；
二、诸多国家的国内法体系采取的国际法之于国内法的一部分，如原联邦德国1949年的意志联邦共和国宪法第25条规定：“国际公法的一般规定乃是联邦法律的组成部分，他们位于各项法律之上，并直接构成联邦国土上居民的权利和义务。”词以及表明国家把一部分权力放在国际法体系中直接赋予更符合当前国际发展趋势，国际法也将上升到国内法的水平；
三、个人的国际法主体确立，符合人民主权和契约理论这一现代政治原则，即个人
的权利和义务的实现不会由国家政府所左右，在国际社会发展合作中，某个人的利益损害，该国政府可能会因为国力的弱小，或该国与侵害国的利害关系等诸因素而不予以保护或伸张，如此，个人直接参加对等诉讼，既为个人利益损害的修复性有保障，也为国家利益或国际威信不受影响，皆利皆欢喜！
四、个人尤其是无国籍人以及有违法国国籍的人的权力保护，因为任何国家都没有
权利去支持这种赔偿请求的资格，这是由任何国家都不能有效的声明。这些人受到伤害，该国的权利也受到影响。现代国际法的长足发展与进步，而给予该类个人的权利保障；
五、个人的主体地位也与非政府组织一样，因为某些非政府组织的成员为一国内部
的民间团体甚至个人成员，也当然牵涉到一人制公司的问题，随着国际间交流越来越频繁，国际关系涉及的领域越来越广，个人或法人的参与也有利于国际社会的发展。如《联合国海洋法公约》中的规定就是促进对海底资源的开放和利用；
六、当前国际秩序所表现出来的自由和无秩序的国际秩序，其容忍了多样化的政治体制并存，民主所达成的不同程度的共识，其并不排斥不同的声音，也极有利于个人或法人的主体地位及其权利的伸张。
不足性，即表现在其局限，有限范围内，如部分学者主张的部分国际法主体，而不是在整个国际发领域拥有主体的资格。由此，笔者从法理角度提出了国际法主体划分为两类：一般性主体和特殊性主体。这既是从有利于国际法主体理论的有序化出发，又是有利于确定个人国际法主体地位范围而言的。一般性主体包括国家，而特殊性主体包括国际组织（当然有政府间组织与非政府间组织之分），争取独立的民族以及个人与法人。
M、阿库斯特教授指出，证明个人（法人）的国际法主体地位，必须能够明确个人与公司所取得法律人格确切的范围。所以，下面拟就个人与法人在国际刑法，国际环境法等方面（即范围）来确定：
（1） 国际刑法
国际刑法已成为一门独立的学科的主要标志是对国际关系中最重大的问 题——战争与和平问题，在二战后的——。《国际刑事法院规约》是于1998年6月15日至7月17日在意大利罗马召开，并于7月17日联合国代表外交会议的1201赞成，美国中国等7票反对。21票弃权通过，序言部分13篇共128条。国际刑事法院设在荷兰海牙，摘掉长起诉过程中，个人享有的权利：不被强迫自己有罪或认罪，不受任何形式的强迫，胁迫或威胁，不受酷刑，或任何其他形式的残忍不人道的有辱人格的待遇或处罚；在询问语言不是改人说通晓和使用的语言时，免费或的合格口译员的协助以及为求公正需要的文件译本；不得被任意逮捕或羁押。在此国际刑事法院规约中规定被告人的权利中也有类似的条文，以确保审判过程中被告人（个人或法人）的权利的不受侵犯，还规定了对被害人和证人的保护即参与诉讼的措施。1993年5月25日，联合国安理会决定成立的前南斯拉夫问题国际法院，《关于前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭规约》类似规定（第21条）并在国际刑法中司法制度重大新发展——设立上诉制度，即被审判庭定罪的人或者检察官认为，由于法律问题的错误导致判决无效或者由于实施的错误引起判决的不公正，应向上诉庭提出上诉，上诉庭可以确认推翻或者修改审判庭的判决（25条）。从上诉条文中可以看出在国际刑法中个人被赋予的权利（当然有义务，如个人的刑事责任的法律后果——惩罚。既包含有死刑、无期徒刑、有期徒刑），都是由国际刑法直接规定（这里可能涉及到国际法语国际刑法的问题，但限于篇幅不作详细论述，参见——主编的《国际法问题研究》等），亦可从中得出：个人（法人）在国际法中的主体地位确立，亦即国际法赋予的法律人格而享有国际法主体地位。
（二）国际经济法
国际经济法是调整国际法主体之间经济关系的国际法规范，是国际法分支，这种概念在国际经济法学说中属于狭义说，在此学说中私人的主体地位得到了学者的进一步肯定。在奥地利霍亨威尔登教授著的《国际经济法》中提出了如果忽视跨国公司或者政府与他国之间的合同就不能妥善处理面临的国际现实问题；非政府组织的一些活动和自然人的行为在国际经济生活中也是有重要的意义等观点支持应遵循国际法注意的种类，扩大为包括私人的现代原则。1983年《中华人民共和国和德意志联邦共和国关于促进和相互保护投贸的协定》第一条第三款，“投贸者”是指“具有有中华人民共和国国籍的自然人”和“在本协定有效范围内有住所的德国人”，显知自然人的合理地位的得到法律承认。在《中华人民共和国宪法》第18条1款也有类似的规定，法人，自然人成为特定国际经济法律的主体，也有其权利能力的范围。
（三）国际人权法
人权进入国际法的领域，实际上是在二战法西斯铁蹄的蹂躏下催生出来的，国际法上的人权是指受国际法保护的人或者人的集合体所享有或应享有的权利。《世界人权宣言》中具体规定了个人（即其享有且称之为法人）的权利，又基本权利，司法权利，人身权利，公民和政治权力，经济社会文化权利。《欧洲人权公约》中第25条第1款：个人投诉可以由声称是公约中规定的权利……被侵犯的受害者的任何个人，非政府间组织或者一群个人提出，这种侵犯据称是某一缔约国行为，而该国已接受委员会对其所收到的这种投诉具有管辖权。“又”……虽然申诉人仍然无权向法院递交案件，但是案件一但提交新的规则为了达到一切际目的给予了个人与委员会和缔约国对诉讼程序所享有的类似的地位。随着国际人权法发展，越来越多的政府间组织建立了法律机构，使个人，团体和非政府组织可以提交人权指控；而在萧亚平教授的（当代国际法伦）中引出来的，公约缔约国。条约还规定：条约条文不得解释为个人有权从事活动或实行行为，破坏本公约确认的任何权利和自由，或限制此种权力或自由逾越本公约规定之程序，来证明个人享受的权利保障受条约和国家的限制，笔者认为，该公约特别指出的“不得解释为个人有权。。。。”更是强调，也同样可换作国家，并且受条约的限制，这也是国家正式主体也必须遵循的，并且如此推理，如国家亦受超国家的限制，也可以否认国家正式主体吗？所以，个人和法人以公约享有权利，使公约的权利的义务“受益”者 ，也就有理由成为国际法主体。
（四）国际环境法
国际环境保护法律关系的主体是该法律关系参与人或者当事人。主体在该法律关系忠诚当着保护自然环境的责任，同时又享有法律规定的环境权益 .传统观念认为主体主体主要是由主权国家，政府间国际组织或国际机构，而未包含个人与法人。随着环境保护的日趋重要，《人类环境宣言》（1972），《内罗毕全球环境状态宣言》（1982），《世界自然资源保护大纲》（1975）等全世界多区域的环境保护立法出台，学者逐渐认识到自然人和法人在环境保护方面的作用和地位。1982年5月联合国环境规划署理事会特别会议通过的《内罗毕宣言》〉第9条指出：“所有企业，包括跨国公司在内，在采用工业生产方式或技术以及在将此种方法和技术出口到别的国家时，都在考虑其对环境的责任。在这方面，及时而充分的立法活动也很重要。”由于环境是全人类所共有的，所有在环境方面的问题商容易造成不同国家的自然人和法人的环境保护法律关系上的纠纷，这是污染行为的造成者和受害者，以及而承担此种权利义务者均为自然人和法人是分不开的。并且法人和自然人在国际关系实践中都承担过此责任，且也有权力向污染施行人要偿。如1983年11月25日，巴拿马籍“东方大师”号油轮运载原油在我国沙礁触礁，露出原油3343吨，造成我国青海港及其附近海域污染，中国人民保险公司青岛分公司向油轮的船东保险协会索赔，后作为法人的该协会做出3775万元的人民币赔偿。赋予自然法人的主体性地位当然是有条件的，有限制的。尤其在环境保护过程中，它所牵涉的范围比较广泛，是有利于其树立责任感，加强对国际环境方面的监督与保护。”地球只有一个是属于整个人类的，适当的承认他们的资格，如在国际环境保护中发挥着主要作用的个人或者团体，国际自然保护协会更易于发挥国际社会闲散资金、人力去保护共有的环境，也是促进国际社会朝着健康方向前进的不可小视的生力军。
（五）国际争端法
国际争端法的概念在国际法学界也有广义和狭义之分，即狭义指国际法主体之间，主要是国家之间，由于在法律上或事实上意见不一致，或政治利益的冲突所产生的争执。广义指的是不仅包括国与国之间的争端，国家与其他国际法主体之间的争端，而且包括以国家为一方，以另一国的自然人、法人或其他非主权实体为另一方，两者之间产生的争端。这里笔者支持广义说，学者大多认为一国与他国的自然人或法人发生争端属于国际司法范畴，但是在现代国际法实践中，越来越把此类争端看作为国际法主体之间的争端。如承认人是国际法主体的重要条约《解决国家与他国公民间投资争端公约》就有明例。《联合国海洋法公约》第一十一部分第一百五十三条和第五节中的第一百八十七条，以及法庭规约三十七条都指出：“作为合同当事各方的缔约国、管理局或企业部、国营企业以及自然人和法人之间关于下列事项的争端……有缔约国或国营企业、或在缔约国担保下具有缔约国国籍或有这类国籍或其公民有效控制的自然人或法人，或符合本部分和附件三规定的条件的上述各方……”国际司法机构的诉讼当事方限于主权国家的情况已有改变。1928年国际常设法院在“但泽法院管辖权问题”的咨询意见中明确承认：国家可以有条约明文规定给与个人与直接权利，这种权利不事先由国内法加以规定就可以存在，为个人直接行使。这种情况下个人与法人之所以获得主体资格的理由在前已作解释，这里不再赘述。
虽然，个人与法人的区别存在也导致其主体范围的大小之分，和法人就有个人在条约法中的缔约能力所不备的。而国际法的范围广泛，且在国际社会的发展过程中，这种个人与法人受国际法的约束规则比较少，甚至是少有的例外，但就笔者所说，择其要范围的指出，而随着国际社会的发展也必然出现更多的领域，更大范围内的例子。
另外，个人与法人的主体资格是与国际社会相关的，自由的国际秩序不完善到有组织的社会发展，必然促进国际法的制度的完善，甚至有学者预言：“国际法将发展到上升到国内法的水平。无需区分国内法与国际法，国际法律制度越发展，国际法直接适用个人的机会就越多。并且在国际社会中各国经济的蓬勃发展，形成一种相互制衡的局面，以及各国寻求和平发展的同时，我们也有必要在国际社会中通过法律手段建立一种势力制衡术，来平衡补充国际实体与个人的实力不相称，虽然个人与法人的局限不可能在组织法、领土法、外交法等领域参加，具备其主体，但是作为特殊性主体的地位，就依赖这种制衡，而通向发展与完善之路，促进国际社会与人类的完善发展。
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